Why is the 0 after the 9 on a keyboard?

Typewriter keyboards which used a shift key for uppercase did generally include a "0", however, since typing an uppercase "O" as an alternative would require using the shift key. Putting the zero to the right of the nine meant that it could be in the same place on keyboards which include a "1" as on keys which do not.

ux.stackexchange.com - keyboard layout - Why is the 0 next to 9, not next to 1? - UX Stack Exchange

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supercat and BowlOfRed's answers are right on the track, but I feel like there are some missing info that I can add. Note: Since OP mentions "On almost all keyboard layouts I have ever seen", I assume OP is talking about QWERTY layout, which "is the most common modern-day keyboard layout for Latin script."

Let's take a look at the history of keyboard layout:

History Keyboard layouts have evolved over time, usually alongside major technology changes. Particularly influential have been: the Sholes and Glidden typewriter [...] which introduced QWERTY; its successor, the Remington No. 2 (1878), which introduced the shift key ; the IBM Selectric (1961), a very influential electric typewriter, which was imitated by computer keyboards; and the IBM PC (1981), namely the Model M (1985), which is the basis for many modern keyboard layouts.

(Emphasis mine)

Basically, we can safely say that most computer keyboards that we're using now is based on Sholes and Glidden typewriter with its QWERTY layout. So, we have to take a look at a particular characteristic of it: The Sholes and Glidden could print only upper-case letters.

(Image courtesy of http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/sholesandglidden.html)

As it has been mentioned on previous answers, 1 and 0 didn't exist before the final iteration of QWERTY, since "1" and "0" are identical to "I" and "O".

The third iteration of QWERTY has layout like this:

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - , Q W E . T Y I U O P Z S D F G H J K L M A X & C V B N ? ; R The final iteration of QWERTY (as we've been using) has layout like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - = Q W E R T Y U I O P [ ] \ A S D F G H J K L ; ' Z X C V B N M , . / But before that, some keyboards still omitted 1 , just like BowlOfRed mentioned, "The 0 key was added and standardized in its modern position early in the history of the typewriter, but the 1 and exclamation point were left off some typewriter keyboards into the 1970s", and it was placed after 9 because it looks better logically than having 0 before 2 . And thus, 1 was placed before 2 , the only place left without changing the overall layout.

(Image courtesy of BedahTekno (in Bahasa Indonesia))

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Which keyboard layout is most used?

QWERTY Keyboards QWERTY Keyboards Designed in the likeness of old-fashioned typewriters, QWERTY is the most common keyboard layout. Generations of typists have come to know the QWERTY keyboard, and most students learn to type with this kind of keyboard layout.

cdw.com - Types of Keyboards for Computers: How to Choose the Right One - CDW

When computer shopping, few things can be as frustrating as ending up with a brand-new laptop with a noticeably awkward keyboard. Whether you don't like the key layout or you want to try to improve your productivity, a new keyboard can offer plenty of benefits. Thankfully, today's technology makes it easy to connect a different keyboard to your computer through Bluetooth or a wireless USB connection. Finding the best keyboard may take a little time and research, but the results are sure to be worth it. Sometimes the easiest way to choose a keyboard is to go with what you know and purchase one that carries the same features and layout as a recent model that you had and liked. Other times, it's best to dig deep into the possibilities and consider all the available options. Here are a few questions to ask yourself as you work to determine the best keyboard for you:

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