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Why do tritones sound evil?

Jonas Schoen-Philbert defines the tritone as two notes six half steps away from each other which gives a harsh and unordered sound. Strangely enough, the association with horror and demonic has persisted, not just throughout music history, but also the history of film music.

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How the tritone continues to unsettle film scores

by Zachary Phillips

In the Middle Ages, the musical interval of the Tritone was sometimes referred to as diabolus in musica—the devil in music. Jonas Schoen-Philbert defines the tritone as two notes six half steps away from each other which gives a harsh and unordered sound. Strangely enough, the association with horror and demonic has persisted, not just throughout music history, but also the history of film music. Why the tritone? Death, evil, horror, and suffering may be difficult to describe in words, but music may have a leg up in this. Film composers, for one, routinely use stingers (heavily accented chords) in a frightening way, make violins tremolo to convey suspense, and use dissonances to create a sense of unease. This is where the tritone comes in. As Adam Neely points out, because of how dissonant and unresolved the tritone is, Catholic monks in the Middle Ages feared that the tritone’s painful sound could cause the Devil himself to appear. This Catholic myth led to the tritone being very rarely used in Middle age Gregorian chants and other Catholic music. Scott Murphy points out that this association with the Devil has continued throughout music history. But this nickname goes beyond the feel of the chord. It also has a technical relation. The tritone is on the sixth semitone above the tonic as opposed to the fifth, which falls on the seventh semitone. This can be seen as symbolic of the devil’s number being six (Ezra 2:13) and seven being tied to God’s perfect creation (Genesis), further adding reason for Catholics to fear the tritone. Contrary to popular opinion, the Catholic Church did not completely ban the tritone. Considering that the tritone seems to be so closely tied to the demonic, why wouldn’t the Catholic Church ban this chord? Could there potentially be something more to this atonal chord than just an evil discomforting sound? Some would argue yes. Even though the tritone’s painful side is more popular to talk about, many composers and music theorists have seen something more attractive about this chord. Jacobus of Liege, a fourteenth century music theorist, wrote in his book Speculum Musicae, “It is no wonder [that the tritone’s]use is rare in practice, but nevertheless its theory is subtle and beautiful.” Luckily for those working to better understand the added value from the tritone, classical music and modern films have employed the tritone numerous times in order to convey a diverse range of messages. First to address how the tritone has been used to artistically express evil and death, Camille Saint-Saens Danse Macabre “The Dance of Death” should be acknowledged. The song’s purpose is to show the universality of death and give the listener a sense of calling upon evil spirits. In the piece, a violinist violently plays an A and E flat which forms a tritone. The pain of these notes certainly hints at a discomforting theme. However, the tritone certainly can and has been used in film in less dark ways.

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A detail from an 18th-century oil painting depiction of the Dance of Death. WELLCOME IMAGES, LONDON/ CC BY 4.0 A primary use of the tritone in film is in heightened emotional scenes. A movie which uses the tritone to achieve this goal is in Field of Dreams. At the end of the movie, Ray Kinsella walks across the field he has built to summon the spirits and memories of baseball legends (clip). To his surprise, the catcher on the field takes off his mask and reveals himself as Ray’s deceased father. As they speak to each other about if they are in heaven, a soaring tritone is used giving the vibe of a powerful tear- jerking feeling. It would be inaccurate to say that this tritone is used in a manner like the Danse Macabre because this one doesn’t feel as dark and demonic, rather, it has a sense of melancholy and loss. Yes, Ray is sad his Father is dead and not really there, but he is also overcome with happiness to feel his presence. Here the tritone is still exploring the idea of death but in a brighter light, suggesting that the dead are not dead, but present, not as specters but as spirits. Its use in this film reveals another key idea about the tritone. Brad Osborn articulates that the tritone is so powerful that it is nearly always used very sparingly. Most commonly composers reserve the tritone until a moment of apotheosis near the end of films or during scenes critical to the narrative. The tritone also served another purpose in this context, to explore the supernatural. Seeing your father appear as a younger man when he is in reality a dead man buried underground certainly has fantastical elements. Janet K. Halfyard articulates that because the tritone does not sound natural to our Western ears in the way major and minor scales do, it is commonly implemented in films exploring the bizarre or fantastical. But it is still possible for the tritone to be used in a way which encapsulates this deeply emotional state with a dark feel. A clear example of this is the film Room. The plot of this film surrounds a young mother who was held hostage in a small shed for years. During her time in this shed, she gave birth to her son who lived in this shed with her for seven years. Eventually they escape their imprisonment. At the end of the film the two former prisoners revisit the shed (clip). Even though these two characters went through the same experience, they hold different emotional points of view. While the mother is overcome with an eerie sadness mixed with a subtle happiness from escaping, the child feels a comforting familiarity with being in his former home. As the child begins to say goodbye to the inanimate objects with which he made imaginary friends, a tritone enters the soundtrack. This tritone suggests an extreme disconnect of emotions. While a major chord could suggest unity in emotions, the discomfort and disconnection of the tritone very clearly conveys the conflicting feelings.

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A major reason the tritone has the effect of disunion as mentioned in the previous example is that it breaks musical codes. The tritone is most fundamentally a dissonance that lies outside of a musical scale. Thus it gives the listener a longing for the tone to be resolved. This disconnect is what conveys the feel of emotions not in harmony. Furthermore, this dissonance can come to represent a multitude of things. The tritone has more versatile potential than just horror and evil. The main alternate representations I’ve identified are melancholic moods, highly emotional scenes, emotional disconnect, apotheosis, and the fantastical. While all of these concepts relate to uncomfortable feelings, they’re all different. The tritone is capable of playing with these hard emotions on a large spectrum from bittersweet, Field of Dreams, to completely scary and terrifying, Danse Macabre. In conclusion, the devil in the dissonance has picked up more tricks in exploring the painful themes he’s associated with. The tritone is his new toy and contribution to music.

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