SUMMARIES Grzegorz Kubies Jubal – the World's First Musician? The aim of the article is to present the biblical figure of Jubal (Genesis 4:21) with the instruments attributed to him: kinnōr ( ) ִכּנֹּ ורand 'ūgāv ()עוּגָֽב.
In April 1773 Charles Burney advertised his forthcoming , emphasizing that the book will be illustrated "with original drawings of ancient and modern instruments, engraved by the best artists". When all four volumes were published between 1776 and 1789, only the first--discussing music of antiquity--included engraved plates with some 30 ancient instruments. The three plates were produced by the English painter and draughtsman Charles Grignion, Jr. (1752/54–1804) and the French engraver Pierre Maleuvre (1740–1803). Instruments were copied mostly from archaeological monuments that Burney could have examined during his trip to Naples and Rome in 1770. Eight instruments originated from the wall paintings excavated in Herculaneum, which he encountered at the royal museum in Portici, and his engravers copied later from the volume (1760), published in the series . In the copying process, images were altered in several ways; the scene was either reduced to the detail with musicians or the instrument was represented in isolation. Influenced by the concerns with scientific accuracy which the ideas of Enlightenment brought to the fore and also his own thinking about problems with iconographic evidence, Burney made a decision to extract instruments from their original visual context either in order to obliterate the artistic mistakes on the original representation when he decided that an instrument was depicted in an unconvincing playing position, or because the instrument on the original image was not used in the actual performance and the whole composition was irrelevant for demonstrating the playing technique. Although Burney was concerned with the presentation of an accurate historical account of music history, neither in the main text of the volume nor in descriptions of included images did he mention when the reproduced artworks were made, and by extension there is no precise dating of the represented instruments. He did not consider regional differences of instruments or their transformations over long periods of time. Hence his general survey of Mediterranean music history during ancient times is documented with organological iconography originating almost exclusively from south-Italian sources dated to the first and second centuries C.E. Although he was aware of writings by Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768), he did not implement his ideas about dating Greek, Greco-Roman, and Roman art in his narrative of music history. From tables in Burney’s volume, images of ancient instruments were later copied both in music historical literature (Jean-Benjamin de La Borde, ) and in general reference works (, 3rd to 6th eds.; Abraham Rees’s ).
What is FFFF called in music?
fortississimo ff, standing for fortissimo and meaning "very loud". ppp ("triple piano"), standing for pianississimo and meaning "very very quiet"....
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What is a blue note in jazz?
In jazz and blues, a blue note is a note that—for expressive purposes—is sung or played at a slightly different pitch from standard. Typically the...
Piano Guidance
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