What wood has highest compression strength?

The force used is recorded in pounds (lb). In each case, the higher the number, the stronger the wood. ... 3.Wood Strength. (You are here.) Wood Species Alder, Red Specific Gravity* 0.41 Compressive Strength (psi) 5,820 Bending Strength (psi) 9,800 Stiffness (Mpsi) 1.38 19 more columns

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Name Hickory

Location Eastern North America

Texture/Grain Medium/Open

Specific Gravity 0.82

Hardness Very Hard

Strength Very Strong

T/R Stability 10.2/7.0% ● Guide ● Woodworking

Know-How ● Woodworking

Design Up ● The Nature

of Wood ● 1. Wood Grain ● 2. Wood Movement 3.Wood Strength

(You are here.) ● 4. Nature of Wood Resources Looking for

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Please: ● Contact Us! hen building with wood, consider how each part will bear the load that will be placed upon it. Also consider how the wood joints will transfer the loads from part to part.

GRAIN DIRECTION AND STRENGTH

To take full advantage of a wood’s strength, pay attention to the grain direction. Wood is a natural polymer — parallel strands of cellulose fibers held together by a lignin binder. These long chains of fibers make the wood exceptionally strong — they resist stress and spread the load over the length of the board. Furthermore, cellulose is tougher than lignin. It’s easier to split a board with the grain (separating the lignin) than it is to break it across the grain (separating the cellulose fibers). Remember this when you lay out the parts of a project. Always orient the grain so the fibers support the load. Whenever possible, cut the parts so the grain is continuous, running the length of the board. This also applies to wood joinery! When cutting a tenon , for example, the wood grain must run the length of the tenon and the board so the grain is continuous. The wood grain in the legs of this pedestal table runs parallel to the longest dimension to make the legs as strong as possible. Were the grain to run parallel or perpendicular to the pedestal, the legs would be weak at the ankles. A "three-point" test to measure bending strength. Straight-grained boards are stronger than those with uneven grain, knots, and other defects. Parts such as shelves will support a heavier load if the weight rests on straight grain.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

When strength is paramount, grain direction may not be your only consideration. Some species of wood are naturally stronger than others. Chairmakers, for example, typically use maple, birch, and hickory for legs, rungs, and spindles. These parts are fairly slender, and weaker woods won’t hold up. A good indicator of a wood’s strength is its density — the weight for a given volume. This is measured by its specific gravity — the weight of a volume of wood divided by the weight of the same volume of water. Generally, the higher the ratio, the denser and stronger the wood. This is not always the case, but specific gravity is a useful reference nonetheless. ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS OF STRENGTH

In some woodworking situations, “strength” is an ambiguous term. To say oak is strong doesn’t tell you whether an oak shelf will sag when loaded with heavy objects, or whether its surface is hard enough to resist scratches and dents. You may need better information. Engineers have devised ways to measure specific types of strength. Compressive strength tells you how much of a load a wood species can withstand parallel to the grain. How much weight will the legs of a table support before they buckle? tells you how much of a load a wood species can withstand parallel to the grain. How much weight will the legs of a table support before they buckle?

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Bending strength (also known as the modulus of rupture) shows the load the wood can withstand perpendicular to the grain. How much weight can you hang on a peg? (also known as theshows the load the wood can withstand perpendicular to the grain. How much weight can you hang on a peg?

stiffness or modulus of elasticity indicates how much the wood will deflect when a load is applied perpendicular to the grain. How far will those shelves sag? Theorindicates how much the wood will deflect when a load is applied perpendicular to the grain. How far will those shelves sag?

hardness reveals how resistant the surface of the wood is to scratches, dents, and other abuse. How long will that kitchen counter stay looking new and unmarred? Thereveals how resistant the surface of the wood is to scratches, dents, and other abuse. How long will that kitchen counter stay looking new and unmarred? To compare the strengths and specific gravities of common domestic and imported woods, refer to the charts below in “Relative Wood Strengths.” Wood has several kinds of strength. For a rough, general estimate of strength, refer to the specific gravity or density of the wood. When you need more detailed information, there are additional choices. Engineers measure the compressive strength by loading a block of wood parallel to the grain until it breaks, and the bending strength by loading a block perpendicular to the grain. Both are measured in pounds per square inch (psi). Stiffness is determined by applying a load to a beam until it deflects a certain amount, and it’s measured in millions of pounds per square inch (Mpsi). To find hardness, engineers drive a metal ball halfway into the wood’s surface. The force used is recorded in pounds (lb). In each case, the higher the number, the stronger the wood. NORTH AMERICAN HARDWOODS Wood Species Specific Gravity* Compressive Strength (psi) Bending Strength (psi) Stiffness (Mpsi) Hardness (lb) Alder, Red 0.41 5,820 9,800 1.38 590 Ash 0.60 7,410 15,000 1.74 1,320 Aspen 0.38 4,250 8,400 1.18 350 Basswood 0.37 4,730 8,700 1.46 410 Beech 0.64 7,300 14,900 1.72 1,300 Birch, Yellow 0.62 8,170 16,600 2.01 1,260 Butternut 0.38 5,110 8,100 1.18 490 Cherry 0.50 7,110 12,300 1.49 950 Chestnut 0.43 5,320 8,600 1.23 540 Elm 0.50 5,520 11,800 1.34 830 Hickory 0.72 9,210 20,200 2.16 † Maple, Hard 0.63 7,830 15,800 1.83 1,450 Maple, Soft 0.54 6,540 13,400 1.64 950 Oak, Red 0.63 6,760 14,300 1.82 1,290 Oak, White 0.68 7,440 15,200 1.78 1,360 Poplar 0.42 5,540 10,100 1.58 540 Sassafras 0.46 4,760 9,000 1.12 † Sweetgum 0.52 6,320 12,500 1.64 850 Sycamore 0.49 5,380 10,000 1.42 770 Walnut 0.55 7,580 14,600 1.68 1,010 NORTH AMERICAN SOFTWOODS Wood Species Specific Gravity* Compressive Strength (psi) Bending Strength (psi) Stiffness (Mpsi) Hardness (lb) Cedar, Aromatic Red 0.47 6,020 8,800 0.88 900 Cedar, Western Red 0.32 4,560 7,500 1.11 350 Cedar, White 0.32 3,960 6,500 0.80 320 Cypress 0.46 6,360 10,600 1.44 510 Fir, Douglas 0.49 7,230 12,400 1.95 710 Hemlock 0.45 7,200 11,300 1.63 540 Pine, Ponderosa 0.40 5,320 9,400 1.29 460 Pine, Sugar 0.36 4,460 8,200 1.19 380 Pine, White 0.35 4,800 8,600 1.24 380 Pine, Yellow 0.59 8,470 14,500 1.98 870 Redwood 0.35 5,220 7,900 1.10 420 Spruce, Sitka 0.40 5,610 10,200 1.57 510 WORLD WOODS (OTHER THAN NORTH AMERICA) Wood Species Specific Gravity* Compressive Strength (psi) Bending Strength (psi) Stiffness (Mpsi) Hardness (lb) Bubinga 0.71 10,500 22,600 2.48 2,690 Jelutong 0.36 3,920 7,300 1.18 390 Lauan 0.40 7,360 12,700 1.77 780 Mahogany, African 0.42 6,460 10,700 1.40 830 Mahogany, Honduras 0.45 6,780 11,500 1.50 800 Purpleheart 0.67 10,320 19,200 2.27 1,860 Rosewood, Brazilian 0.80 9,600 19,000 1.88 2,720 Rosewood, Indian 0.75 9,220 16,900 1.78 3,170 Teak 0.55 8,410 14,600 1.55 1,000 *After kiln-drying. Specific gravity may be slightly higher in green wood.

†Rating not available — species has not been tested.

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