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What pianos did the Beatles use?

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The Beatles started out like most other rock and roll bands, employing a standard guitars/bass/drums instrumentation. As their touring days wound down, they became a full-time studio band. Their scope of experimentation grew, as did the palette of sounds. This article attempts to list the instruments used to achieve those results. Not listed are instruments played by the Beatles’ session players such as cello, violin, saxophone, trumpet, French horn or the 41-piece orchestra heard on "A Day in the Life".

Guitars [ edit ]

Both John Lennon and George Harrison used the Gibson J-160E, an acoustic guitar with an electric pickup at the base of the fretboard. The resonant character of the full acoustic body, combined with the electric pickup, meant that this guitar was susceptible to feedback, employed to great effect on the intro to "I Feel Fine". Lennon also used a Framus Hootenanny twelve-string acoustic, which can be seen in the movie Help! and heard on the title song and "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away". This twelve-string guitar accounted for audibly richer rhythm guitar parts on songs like these, in comparison to the six-string Gibsons. After Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Lennon moved on to a Martin D-28 from C. F. Martin & Company (alternating between the J-160E and the D-28 for The Beatles) while Harrison upgraded to a Gibson J-200 Jumbo (which Lennon used on "Two of Us" and other acoustic tracks on Let It Be). Harrison later gave the guitar to Bob Dylan in 1969. Upgrading from a 1959 Höfner Club 40 guitar, purchased from Hessy's Music Shop in Liverpool, Lennon primarily used a Rickenbacker 325 Capri from 1960 until 1964. He purchased the guitar in Hamburg in its original natural finish and used the guitar extensively throughout the Cavern Club performances.[1] In early 1963 he sent the guitar off to be refinished in its more popular black finish. This is the way the guitar appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show performance in February 1964. Shortly thereafter, he upgraded to a brand new Rickenbacker 325, a much-improved version of his 325 Capri. Rickenbacker specially made a 325/12. During the Christmas shows of 1964, Lennon dropped the new Rickenbacker 325 which made a huge crack in the neck and headstock. British instrument distributor Rose Morris sent a replacement Rickenbacker 325 with a sound hole and in a red fire glo finish. The guitar is called a Rickenbacker 325 1996. Lennon used the guitar for the shows until the other 325 was repaired. In 1968 during the recording of The Beatles, drummer Ringo Starr left the group during tensions and when he returned, Lennon gave the Rickenbacker 325 1996 to Starr. He has had it ever since. During the Help! sessions, Lennon and Harrison acquired matching 1961 Fender Stratocasters. Lennon's was used on "Nowhere Man" and sparingly on the Sgt. Pepper album. Harrison started off in the Cavern Club days playing a black Gretsch Duo Jet. The Duo Jet was refurbished many years later and featured on the cover and album Cloud Nine. In mid 1963 he switched to a Gretsch Country Gentleman and a Gretsch Tennessean, both of which he played until around 1965. His second Country Gentleman was given away to a friend (Harrison was an avid sharer of instruments) and is now retained by Ringo Starr, while his first Country Gentleman fell off the Beatles' van in 1965 and was crushed by a lorry. In 1964 Harrison introduced the electric twelve-string guitar into mainstream pop. His Rickenbacker 360/12 twelve-string was a prototype. Only the second twelve-string guitar Rickenbacker ever made, it was delivered specially to him during their first visit to New York City. Harrison's use of the 12-string inspired Roger McGuinn of the Byrds to start using one too. He also used a Ramirez Classical Guitar which can be heard in "And I Love Her" and seen used throughout the film A Hard Day's Night. Harrison used a Gibson SG around 1966; these can be seen in the promotional videos for "Paperback Writer" and "Rain", in addition to film of the recording session for "Hey Bulldog". He eventually gave this guitar to Pete Ham of Badfinger. Harrison's most prominent guitar from 1967 until early 1969 was a Fender Stratocaster. Obtained and used during the Help! sessions, first used on "Ticket to Ride", it was originally Sonic Blue in colour until Harrison gave it a psychedelic paint job, using, among other substances, his wife's sparkly green nail polish. This psychedelic Stratocaster, dubbed "Rocky", is seen in the "I Am the Walrus" segment of Magical Mystery Tour, and in the "All You Need Is Love" broadcast.[Note 1] Around this time Harrison also used a 1957 Gibson Les Paul model, which was given to him by Eric Clapton and was once in the possession of, among other musicians, John Sebastian of The Lovin' Spoonful. Originally a "gold top" model, the guitar was refinished with a dark red stain before it got to Harrison. The guitar can be seen in the "Revolution" promotional video and the Let It Be film. Also seen in that film is a rosewood Fender Telecaster, given to him by Fender. Lennon and Harrison both purchased Epiphone Casinos in the spring of 1966.[2] Paul McCartney acquired his Casino in 1964. They were used extensively in the recording of the Revolver album and continued to be used throughout their remaining years along with other instruments. Lennon extensively used his Casino as can be witnessed in the film of their final concert at Candlestick Park in 1966, as well as in the Let it Be film when playing in their studio in London. Lennon's Casino was double-tracked to get sufficient distortion to satisfy Lennon in the intro to Revolution. Although they purchased the guitars with sunburst finishes, both Harrison and Lennon later stripped the finishes off the guitars, claiming it allowed the guitars to "breathe" better. Lennon's stripped-down Casino can be seen in video footage of the famous rooftop concert. Lennon used a Casino almost exclusively from 1966 until the group's break-up and he is even seen with it during the sessions for his Imagine album. Paul McCartney's electric guitar parts (solos on "Ticket to Ride", "Another Girl", "Taxman", "Drive My Car", "Carry That Weight" and "Good Morning Good Morning"[3] to name a few)[4] were chiefly performed on his own Epiphone Casino or sunburst Fender Esquire. For recordings with acoustic parts played by McCartney ("Yesterday"), he favoured a 1964 Epiphone Texan FT-79.[5] In 1968, he started using a D-28 from C. F. Martin & Company.

Basses [ edit ]

McCartney custom-ordered a left-handed Höfner model 500/1 "violin" bass during one of the group's early residences in Hamburg. This model, with two pickups very close to the neck and almost touching each other, was replaced in 1962 by a 1963 model, whose pickups were spaced much farther apart, in a more conventional manner. McCartney continued to use his early model, although very rarely, until the Get Back sessions, when it probably was stolen from Twickenham Film Studios;[6] he continues to use his 1963 Höfner today. In October 1965 he switched to a Rickenbacker Model 4001S, during the recording of Rubber Soul (as seen in pictures from those sessions),[7] but certainly by the recording of "Paperback Writer". It would be his principal choice for the remainder of the Beatles' career. He briefly used a left-handed Fender Jazz Bass during sessions for The Beatles double album and again for Abbey Road.[8] He returned to the Höfner during Get Back sessions [Note 2] and played it during the rooftop concert, but returned to the Rickenbacker for Abbey Road.[9] McCartney continued to use his Rickenbacker in his solo career and with Wings.[9][10] He also used his original 1961 Höfner, refinished in three-tone sunburst and with black frame around pickups, to hold them in place. It can be seen in January 2, footage from Get Back sessions and in the Wednesday 4 September 1968 "Revolution" promotional video.

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The 1961 bass did show up in the promotional video for "The Ballad of John and Yoko", recorded in May, 1969. But this was compiled from footage of the January 2, 1969, Get Back sessions.[Note 3] Harrison and Lennon both played a Fender VI to back some songs on which McCartney played piano or guitar. Harrison was photographed at Abbey Road in 1966 playing a right-handed red Burns Nu-Sonic Bass during the "Paperback Writer" and "Rain" recording sessions, but neither song featured him playing it. Harrison also played a right-handed Fender Jazz Bass on two songs from Abbey Road.

Keyboards [ edit ]

Schiedmayer Celeste (right) Steinway grand piano (left),Schiedmayer Celeste (right)

Challen piano (right) Hammond RT-3 organ (left),Challen piano (right) Mellotron MK II purchased by John Lennon in 1965 All four Beatles contributed keyboard parts to their catalogue, supplemented by George Martin, Mal Evans, Chris Thomas, Nicky Hopkins and Billy Preston.

Microphones [ edit ]

Although microphone usage varied somewhat according to the requirements of each song, the group's recordings at Abbey Road most often employed Neumann U47 or U67 microphones for electric guitars and one or more Neumann U47s (unidirectional); U48's "figure eight" (bidirectional) pickup pattern for vocals and most other instruments. The AKG C-12 was used as well, particularly on the bass (speaker) amplifier. Early in their recording career the drums usually were recorded with only two microphones: one overhead (an AKG D19 or STC 4038) and one for the bass drum (such as an AKG D20). Later, more microphones were used on the drums. The AKG C28 is visible in the Let It Be film. Available studio documentation and interviews with their former recording engineers indicate that this microphone was not used for recording in the studio.[12] With the group's encouragement, recording engineer Geoff Emerick experimented with microphone placement and equalization.[13] Many of his techniques were unusual for the time but have since become commonplace, such as "close miking" (physically placing the microphone very close to a sound source) of acoustic instruments or deliberately overloading the signal to produce distortion. For example, he obtained the biting string sound that characterises "Eleanor Rigby" by miking the instruments extremely closely—Emerick has related that the string players would instinctively back away from the microphones at the start of each take, and he would go back into the studio and move the microphones closer again.[14] The recording of George Harrison's acoustic guitar in "Here Comes the Sun" was another incidence of close miking. He also used a speaker as a microphone to increase the bass level whereas a microphone would overload from the air pressure.

Drums [ edit ]

Ringo Starr bought a set of Premier drums in 1960, but in June 1963 made the switch to a four-piece Ludwig set. The American-made drums were newly available in England, but the clincher for Starr was the Black Oyster Pearl finish of the Ludwig kit. He used four similar kits altogether, including two that he kept at Abbey Road. The first two Ludwig kits were 20", 12", 14", plus 14" snare and the second two 22",13",16", 14" snare. Starr played a 20" kit on the Ed Sullivan Show debut in February 1964. He changed to the bigger 22" kit at the end of May 1964. Near the end of the sessions for the White Album, he obtained a natural-tone five-piece Ludwig Hollywood set and set it up alongside his existing Black Oyster Pearl bass drum, according to Mal Evans in the November 1968 edition of The Beatles' Monthly.[citation needed] Starr continued to use the Hollywood kit for the Let It Be and Abbey Road sessions, albeit with a Ludwig Black Oyster Pearl snare rather than the snare with the Hollywood kit, and he used it at the "rooftop concert" as well as his drum solo in "The End". Starr experimented with various muffling techniques. He used Ludwig and Remo drumheads. He started his career playing Paiste cymbals, but switched to Zildjian. He has used Paiste occasionally, most likely due to their easier availability in Europe.[15]

Instruments specific to Rubber Soul sessions [ edit ]

Lennon [ edit ]

McCartney [ edit ]

Harrison [ edit ]

Starr [ edit ]

Ludwig Super Classic drum kit in Oyster Black Pearl finish with 22-inch kick drum (presented to Starr by Ludwig in New York City on 13 August 1965)

Miscellaneous [ edit ]

George Harrison owned many Indian instruments, including tambouras, a swarmandel (or Indian harp) and at least three sitars. All the Beatles kept pianos, guitars and other instruments at their homes to work on songs and demos. Most of these pieces never made their way into the studio with the well-known exception of Harrison's Moog synthesizer. Lennon's home Mellotron was never brought into the studio, though a Mellotron was rented for use during the Sgt. Pepper sessions and an Abbey Road Studios-owned Mellotron was used for the White Album. Both Harrison and Lennon were given Coral electric sitars. Other instruments were recorder, harmonica, banjo, trumpet, saxophone, glockenspiel, vibraphone, accordion,[32][33] comb and paper, and assorted percussion (congas, bongos, Arabian loose-skin bongo, African drum, timpani, anvil, package case, maracas, tambourine, zill, güiro).

Pop culture references [ edit ]

The "Beatle" style instruments have been used many times in pop culture. In Agent Cody Banks 2 during the fight scene, there is a display of the original instruments and Agent Banks uses Paul McCartney's Höfner bass to hit the villain. The instruments have also been replicated into plastic game controllers for the game The Beatles Rock Band.

The Beatles as a five-piece, 1960–1961 [ edit ]

Period Lennon McCartney Harrison Sutcliffe/Newby+ Moore/Chapman/Best++ January–June 1960 Höfner Club 40 Zenith Model 17 Elpico amplifier Futurama Resonet Grazioso Höfner 333 bass Moore's drums June 1960 Höfner Club 40 drums Futurama Resonet Grazioso Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier Höfner 333 bass – July 1960 Höfner Club 40 Rosetti Solid 7

Elpico amplifier Futurama Resonet Grazioso

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier Höfner 333 bass Chapman's drums August–October 1960 Höfner Club 40 Rosetti Solid 7

Elpico amplifier Futurama Resonet Grazioso

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier Höfner 333 bass

Watkins Westminster amplifier Best's Premier drums October–November 1960 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325

Fender Vibrolux amplifier Rosetti Solid 7

Höfner Club 40

Elpico amplifier Futurama Resonet Grazioso

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier Höfner 333 bass

Gibson Les Paul GA-40 amplifier Best's Premier drums December 1960 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325

Fender Vibrolux amplifier Rosetti Solid 7

Höfner Club 40

Elpico amplifier Futurama Resonet Grazioso

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier bass (Chas Newby) Best's Premier drums December 1960 – April 1961 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325

Fender Vibrolux amplifier Rosetti Solid 7

Elpico amplifier Futurama Resonet Grazioso

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier Höfner 333 bass

Gibson Les Paul GA-40 amplifier Best's Premier drums December 1960 – April 1961 1958 Rickenbacker Capri 325

Fender Vibrolux amplifier piano Futurama Resonet Grazioso

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier Höfner 333 bass

Gibson Les Paul GA-40 amplifier Best's Premier drums

+ Chas Newby (December 1960 only), deputising for Sutcliffe ++ Tommy Moore (January–June 1960), Norman Chapman (July 1960), Pete Best (August 1960) The Beatles as a four-piece live and in the studio, 1961–1966 [ edit ]

Period Lennon McCartney Harrison Best/Starr+ July–November 1961 1958 Rickenbacker 325

Fender Vibrolux amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier Futurama Resonet Grazioso

1957 Gretsch Duo Jet

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Gibson Les Paul GA-40 amplifier Best's Premier drumkit November 1961 – July 1962 1958 Rickenbacker 325

Fender Vibrolux amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Selmer Truvoice Stadium amplifier

'Coffin' speaker rig 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet

Gibson Les Paul GA-40 amplifier Best's Premier drumkit July–September 1962 1958 Rickenbacker 325

Vox AC-15 Twin amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Quad II amplifier

'Coffin' speaker rig 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet

Vox AC-30 amplifier Best's Premier drumkit (July–August)

Starr's Premier drumkit (August–September) September 1962 – April 1963 1958 Rickenbacker 325

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-15 Twin amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Quad II amplifier

'Coffin' speaker rig 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 amplifier Starr's Premier drumkit April 1963 1958 Rickenbacker 325

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-15 Twin amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Vox T-60 amplifier 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 amplifier Starr's Premier drumkit April–June 1963 1958 Rickenbacker 325

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-15 Twin amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Vox T-60 amplifier 1957 Gretsch Duo Jet

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 amplifier Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead April–June 1963 1958 Rickenbacker 325

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-15 Twin amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Vox T-60 amplifier 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 amplifier Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead June–September 1963 1958 Rickenbacker 325

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 amplifier 1961 Höfner Violin bass

Vox AC30 bass head

Vox T-60 cabinet 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman

1962 Gibson J-160E

Maton Mastersound MS-500 (July–August only)

new Vox AC-30 amplifier Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead October–December 1963 1958 Rickenbacker 325

1962 Gibson J-160E (stolen in December 1963)

Vox AC-30 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox AC30 bass head

Vox T-60 cabinet 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman

Rickenbacker 425

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 amplifier Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead December 1963 – January 1964 1958 Rickenbacker 325

Vox AC-50 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox AC100 bass amplifier 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman

1962 Gretsch Tennessean

1962 Gibson J-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison)

Vox AC-50 amplifier Starr's first Ludwig drumkit with first drop T logo drumhead February 1964 1958 Rickenbacker 325

1964 Rickenbacker 325

Vox AC-50 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox AC100 bass amplifier 1962 Gretsch 6122 Chet Atkins Country Gentleman

1962 Gretsch Tennessean

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

1962 Gibson J-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison)

Ramirez classical (studio only)

Vox AC-50 amplifier Starr's second Ludwig drumkit with second drop T logo drumhead February–April 1964 1964 Rickenbacker 325

Vox AC-50 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox AC100 bass amplifier Second Gretsch Country Gentleman

Gretsch Tennessean

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-50 amplifier Starr's second Ludwig drumkit with third drop T logo drumhead May–July 1964 1964 Rickenbacker 325

1964 Rickenbacker 325/12

Vox AC-50 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox AC100 bass amplifier Second Gretch Country Gentleman

1962 Gretsch Tennessean

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

1962 Gibson J-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison)

Vox AC-50 amplifier Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead July 1964 1964 Rickenbacker 325

1964 Rickenbacker 325/12

new Vox AC-50 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox AC100 bass amplifier Second Gretch Country Gentleman

1962 Gretsch Tennessean

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

1962 Gibson J-160E (used by Lennon and Harrison)

new Vox AC-50 amplifier Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead August–December 1964 1964 Rickenbacker 325

1964 Rickenbacker 325/12

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-100 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox AC100 bass amplifier Second Grestch Country Gentleman

1962 Gretsch Tennessean

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-100 amplifier Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead December 1964 – January 1965 1964 Rickenbacker Rose, Morris 1996 (replaced 1964 325 after it gets a crack in the headstock)

1964 Rickenbacker 325/12

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-100 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

1962 Epiphone Casino E230TD (studio only)

Epiphone Texan FT-79

Vox AC100 bass amplifier Second Gretsch Country Gentleman

1962 Gretsch Tennessean

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-100 amplifier Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead January–August 1965 1964 Rickenbacker 325

1961 Fender Stratocaster (studio only)

Framus Hootenanny 5/024 12-string (studio only)

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-100 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

1962 Epiphone Casino E230TD (studio only)

Epiphone Texan FT-79

Vox AC100 bass amplifier Second Gretsch Country Gentleman

1962 Gretsch Tennessean

1961 Fender Stratocaster (studio only)

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

1962 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-100 amplifier Starr's third Ludwig drumkit with fourth drop T logo drumhead August–September 1965 1964 Rickenbacker 325

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-100 amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Epiphone Texan FT-79

Vox AC100 bass amplifier Second Gretsch Country Gentleman

Gretsch Tennessean

1963 Rickenbacker 360/12

Vox AC-100 amplifier Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead October 1965 – March 1966 1964 Rickenbacker 325

1961 Fender Stratocaster (studio only)

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 and AC-100 amplifiers 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass (studio only)

Fender Bassman amplifier Second Gretsch Country Gentleman

1961 Fender Stratocaster (studio only)

Gibson ES-345

1962 Gibson J-160E

1965 Rickenbacker 360/12

Vox AC-30 and AC-100 amplifiers Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead April–June 1966 1965 Epiphone Casino

Gretsch 6120 (studio only)

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox AC-30 amplifier

Fender Showman amplifier

Vox 7120 prototype amplifier 1964 Rickenbacker 4001S bass (studio only)

1962 Epiphone Casino E230TD (studio only)

Fender Bassman amplifier

Vox 4120 prototype amplifier 1961 Fender Stratocaster

1965 Epiphone Casino

1965 Rickenbacker 360/12

1964 Gibson SG Standard

1962 Gibson J-160E

Burns Nu-Sonic bass guitar (studio only)

Vox AC-30 amplifier

Fender Showman amplifier

Vox 730 prototype amplifier Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead June–July 1966 1965 Epiphone Casino

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox 7120 prototype amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox 4120 prototype amplifier 1965 Epiphone Casino

1965 Rickenbacker 360/12

1964 Gibson SG Standard

Vox 730 prototype amplifier Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead August 1966 1965 Epiphone Casino

1964 Gibson J-160E

Vox Super Beatle amplifier 1963 Höfner 500/1 bass

Vox Super Bass Beatle amplifier 1965 Epiphone Casino

1965 Rickenbacker 360/12

1964 Gibson SG Standard

Vox Super Beatle amplifier Starr's fourth Ludwig drumkit with fifth drop T logo drumhead

+ Ringo Starr replaced Pete Best in August 1962

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

^ It is also 'played' by Mike Campbell in the video for Tom Petty 's 'I Won't Back Down'. John Lennon's Guitars ^ he used 61 Hofner on 2nd January 1969 session. On January 3rd he switched to the '63 Hofner. The '61 has not been seen since ^ Paul is playing the '61 Hofner on the 2nd Jan. Easily identifialble as the 2nd Jan by John wearing a green shirt and black vest, Paul is in a black sweater. Exactly what is on the promo video of Ballad of John and Yoko. On Jan 3rd John is wearing a light purple shirt and black vest. Paul is wearing an orange sweater.The video promo portrays all the Beatles contributing to the song. In fact George and Ringo were not even there during the recording. John and Paul played all instruments.

References [ edit ]

Bibliography [ edit ]

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