Piano Guidance
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What key signature has most songs?

More than a third of all songs are in one of four keys: G major, C major, D major, and A major. That all of these keys are major keys is unsurprising — with the exceptions of A minor, E minor, and B minor, none of the minor keys were even able to break 4%.

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Switching a song into a different key can entirely change the way that song feels. So what does this chart, which shows which musical keys are most commonly used, tell us about the way we actually like to listen to music?

Spotify’s Kenny Ning put together this chart of the most commonly used song keys using over the over 30 million songs in their database. More than a third of all songs are in one of four keys: G major, C major, D major, and A major. That all of these keys are major keys is unsurprising — with the exceptions of A minor, E minor, and B minor, none of the minor keys were even able to break 4%. And each of those minor keys is actually closely related to one of the four major keys: A is the relative minor of C major, E is the relative minor of G major, and B is the relative minor of D major. So what does this all mean? Well, in part it reveals the kinds of sounds that we tend to see more commonly in music: plucky, upbeat majors tend to beat out the moodier minors. And it also reveals something about where the majority of Spotify’s collection (which tends more towards Western music) comes from. But the more interesting part of it is what it tells us about musicians and how they use their instruments. Which is why the most important key in the chart might be F# minor. At first glance, it doesn’t seem like a very important one — it’s neither the most nor the least popular, at a slight 2.5%. It gets more interesting though, when you look at its relatives. A major’s relative minor is F#. But, while A major was one of the top four keys unlike the other three top keys, its relative minor stayed obscure. Why? Perhaps because on a guitar it involves more frequent, difficult barre chords than the other keys. In other words, this chart isn’t telling us just about musical listening tastes, it’s telling us about musical playing tastes. G/O Media may get a commission BOGO 50% Off Flippr - BOGO 50% Off Not your average broom It also seems to work in the opposite direction as well. Ning notes that the most popular key of all — G major — also happens to be among the easiest ones to play on both a guitar or piano, saying: E is convenient for guitar, but not piano. C is convenient for piano, but not guitar. G is convenient for both guitar and piano.

Chart: Kenny Ning / Spotify. Top Image: Cryptic C62.

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What do parentheses around a note mean?

To sum up this excellent answer, parentheses around notation usually means something not found in the manuscript, or something only found in some versions of the manuscript and not others.

They are usually items that are either optional or merely reminders. In many cases, they may represent editorial alternatives (for instance, the editor may not see the parenthetical item as definitive, but some historical sources include it, so the editor presents it as an alternative). In your first example, the low G is presented as a feasible alternative, and there may be an editorial decision involved as well.

In the second example, the appoggiatura probably is an historical alternative.

In the 3rd example, the fermate are probably the editor's phrasing suggestion.

In the fourth example, the flat above the note is a reminder (a cautionary, really). In the fifth example, the key signature was probably given for G Dorian, for a piece which is actually more in G minor. Right through to Bach's time, there were remnants of the modal system still seeing use, and actually, in Bach's time, the minor mode was seen as deriving from Dorian (not Aeolian), so the difference between what Bach's contemporaries might call Dorian and what they might call minor was rather small (for this piece, possibly more E naturals showing up than might otherwise be the case).

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