What does a 2-2-3 shift mean?

The 2-2-3 shift pattern (also known as the Panama schedule) typically requires four teams of employees to provide adequate 24-hour coverage. Each team works two consecutive day shifts, followed by two days off, followed by three more days of work.

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Variations of the 2-2-3 workweek

Since so many work environments depend on 24/7 shift schedules to ensure complete coverage at their business, multiple variations of the 2-2-3 method have emerged.

Panama Plus shift schedule

The Panama Plus schedule is similar to the 2-2-3 schedule, but it also features a series of eight-hour days. The shift pattern uses five teams, two 12-hour shifts, and one eight-hour weekday shift. Teams will alternate between the two 12-hour slots and the one eight-hour slot. Ultimately, each team gets two weeks of eight-hour weekday shifts for every eight weeks of the shift cycle. The main benefit of a Panama Plus schedule is the eight-hour shifts. These shorter shifts provide a break and serve as a stress relief after a stretch of consecutive twelve-hour days. The 280-day rotation also ensures employees will not work more than two consecutive night shifts.

Disadvantages

However, this shift pattern still includes two 12-hour days, and the alternation between day and night shifts can negatively affect employee health and well-being.

Pitman shift schedule

Like the 2-2-3 schedule, the Pitman Shift Schedule also utilizes four teams and 12-hour shifts. It’s commonly called the 2-3-2 pattern because employees will work two day shifts, have two days off, then work three more day shifts. The following week, employees begin with two days off, then work two day shifts before their final three days off. This rotating shift schedule takes place over 14 days. Employees enjoy the Pitman schedule because they are rewarded with a three-day weekend every two weeks and are will never be scheduled to work more than three consecutive days at a time.

Disadvantages

The major downside to the Pitman shift schedule is that employee sleep schedules can suffer due to the slow rotation cycle of this shift pattern.

DDNNOO schedule

A DDNNOO schedule involves three teams rotating between two days of work, two nights, and two days off. Each shift in this six-day cycle is 12 hours. Smaller teams have a huge advantage when it comes to the DDNNOO approach.

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Unlike other methods on this list, you only need to fill out three full teams to be effective. It's also a pretty straightforward schedule that allows each team a two-day weekend at the end of each cycle.

Disadvantages

The major downside to this method is that employees may need to work up to 32 hours of overtime on certain weeks. This can increase the likelihood of fatigue and burnout.

DuPont schedule

The DuPont Schedule is a more complex method that involves four teams working 12-hour shifts over a four-week cycle. Since there are four teams and four weeks in a cycle, each team will take one of the four schedules:

Stage 1: Work four consecutive night shifts followed by three days off.

Stage 2: Work three day shifts, have one day off, then work three night shifts.

Stage 3: Have three days off, then work four consecutive day shifts.

Stage 4: Have seven consecutive days off.

No matter which stage your team starts on, you’ll progress through all four stages before the end of the cycle. Whether a team starts in stage 1 or stage 4, every team will work the full DuPont schedule by the end of the cycle. The key advantage of the DuPont method is predictability. The cyclical schedule makes it easy for both employees and employers to predict. The seven consecutive days off help employees plan vacations, doctor's appointments, and other personal matters around a fixed schedule. In turn, employers will spend less time on managing PTO and other administrative tasks.

Disadvantages

With this shift pattern, employees end up working 72 hours some weeks. As you might imagine, this can lead to considerable fatigue and stress. Additionally, it can be challenging to find a replacement for an employee who calls in sick. You run the risk of overworking employees and throwing off the shift cycle.

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