What are the 3 movements of sonata?

Three-part structure The basic elements of sonata form are three: exposition, development, and recapitulation, in which the musical subject matter is stated, explored or expanded, and restated. There may also be an introduction, usually in slow tempo, and a coda, or tailpiece.

britannica.com - sonata form | musical form - Encyclopedia Britannica

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Summary

Although sonata form is sometimes called first-movement form, the first movements of multimovement works are not always in sonata form, nor does the form occur only in first movements. Likewise, the variant sonata-allegro form is misleading, for it need not be in a quick tempo such as allegro. sonata form , also called first-movement form or sonata-allegro form , musical structure that is most strongly associated with the first movement of various Western instrumental genres , notably, sonatas , symphonies , and string quartets . Maturing in the second half of the 18th century, it provided the instrumental vehicle for much of the most profound musical thought until about the middle of the 19th century, and it continued to figure prominently in the methods of many later composers.

Three-part structure

The basic elements of sonata form are three: exposition, development, and recapitulation, in which the musical subject matter is stated, explored or expanded, and restated. There may also be an introduction, usually in slow tempo, and a coda, or tailpiece. These optional sections do not affect the basic structure, however. At first glance sonata form may appear to be a species of three-part, or ternary, form. The three parts of ternary form are a first section (A), followed by a contrasting section (B), followed by a repetition of the first section (that is, A B A). The parts are interrelated not in terms of basic structure but by purely lyrical or character contrast. Actually, the three parts of sonata form developed out of the binary, or two-part, form prominent in the music of the 17th and early 18th centuries. In binary form the structure depends on the interrelationship not only of themes but also of tonalities, or keys, the particular sets of notes and chords used in each part. Thus, the initial part, which is repeated, leads directly into the second part by ending in the new key in which the second part begins. The second, also repeated, moves from the new key back to the original key, in which it ends. The second part thus completes the first. In sonata form the exposition corresponds to the first part of binary form, the development and recapitulation to the second. The exposition moves from the original key to a new key; the development passes through several keys and the recapitulation returns to the original key. This echoes the motion, in binary form, away from and back to the original key. In relation to binary form, sonata form is complex. It offers, in the exposition, contrasting musical statements. In the development these are treated dialectically; that is, they are combined, broken up, recombined, and otherwise brought into change and conflict. In the recapitulation they are restated in a new light. This organic relationship between parts marks the sonata form as a higher, more complex, type than the ternary form. The occasional designation of sonata form as compound binary form is useful in that it stresses its origins in the earlier form, but notes its added complexity.

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Do sonatas have 4 movements?

Typical sonatas consist of two, three, or four movements. Two-movement and, more specifically, three-movement schemes are most common in sonatas for one or two instruments. Beethoven, particularly in his earlier period, sometimes expanded the scheme to four movements.

britannica.com - Sonata | Definition, Components, History, Examples, & Facts

Summary

sonata, type of musical composition, usually for a solo instrument or a small instrumental ensemble, that typically consists of two to four movements, or sections, each in a related key but with a unique musical character. Deriving from the past participle of the Italian verb sonare, “to sound,” the term sonata originally denoted a composition played on instruments, as opposed to one that was cantata, or “sung,” by voices. Its first such use was in 1561, when it was applied to a suite of dances for lute. The term has since acquired other meanings that can easily cause confusion. It can mean a composition in two or more movements, or separate sections, played by a small group of instruments, having no more than three independent parts. Most frequently it refers to such a piece for one or two instruments, such as Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata (1801) for piano. By extension, sonata can also refer to a composition for a larger instrumental group having more than two or three parts, such as a string quartet or an orchestra, provided that the composition is based on principles of musical form that from the mid-18th century were used in sonatas for small instrumental groups. The term has been more loosely applied to 20th-century works, whether or not they rely on 18th-century principles. Quite distinct from all of the preceding, however, is the use of the term in “sonata form.” This denotes a particular form, or method of musical organization, typically used in one or more movements of multimovement instrumental works written since the beginning of the Classical period (the period of Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven) in the mid-18th century. Such works include sonatas, string quartets and other chamber music, and symphonies. (See sonata form.)

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