Is there synthetic ivory?

physicsworld.com - Synthetic ivory can be 3D printed - Physics World

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Check mates: two chess pieces that were 3D printed with the new artificial ivory. The dark lines were added to more precisely mimic ivory. (Courtesy: Technical University of Vienna) Claimed to be highly realistic and elephant-friendly, a new alternative to ivory has been developed by researchers in Austria. Led by Jürgen Stampfl at the Vienna University of Technology, the team used stereolithography to 3D print a replica material called “Digory”, which they claim closely mimics both the mechanical and optical properties of real ivory. Their approach could make it far easier for conservators to restore historical ivory artefacts. Renowned for its aesthetic appearance, durability, and ease of sculpting, ivory has been used for centuries to create practical and artistic objects. However, its use has extracted a terrible toll on elephant populations and its global trade was banned completely in 1989. Today, conservators use synthetic replica materials to restore damaged ivory artefacts – yet none of these are fully able to recreate characteristics like the colour, translucency, and surface gloss of the real thing. Stamfl’s team aimed to recreate these properties using stereolithography: a 3D printing technique that uses heated, light-sensitive resins to construct polymer materials layer by layer. Previously, the researchers used this approach to create ceramic materials, and even artificial teeth.

UV polymerization

To make artificial ivory they used a dimethacrylic resin in a liquid state, in which they embedded fine particles of calcium phosphate. On exposure to an ultraviolet laser, molecules in the resin polymerize to form long, rigid chains, resulting in a solid material with calcium phosphate particles trapped inside. By fine-tuning the fractional volume of these particles, the team could adjust the translucency, density, and hardness of the material to make it resemble ivory. The result was an advanced new synthetic material, which they named Digory. In collaboration with the Archdiocese of Vienna, Stamfl and colleagues used their technique to restore a 17th century casket from a local church. The artefact had been decorated with ivory ornaments, but some of these had been lost over the centuries. The team’s additive manufacturing approach enabled them to recreate the complex and delicate features of the ornaments in digital constructions. After printing, they then treated their replicas with pigments to match the colour of the original ornaments. With further staining and polishing, the appearance of the Digory material was barely distinguishable from the genuine ivory on the casket. Where previous restoration processes relied on time-consuming and error-prone carving techniques, the team’s approach will now allow conservators to print Digory replicas in just a few hours, with no material waste. Overall, the project clearly demonstrates the ability of stereolithography to reproduce the many desirable properties of ivory, without posing any further threat to wild elephants.

The research is described in Applied Materials Today.

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What is the fastest way to memorize a note?

Speak your notes out loud. Instead of simply reading your notes to yourself, say them aloud. Studies show that speaking out loud aids in memorization. Speaking also keeps you more focused than reading to yourself would. It allows you to hear the information again and gives your brain another chance to process it.

wikihow.com - How to Memorize Notes for a Test (with Pictures) - wikiHow

This article was co-authored by Alexander Ruiz, M.Ed. . Alexander Ruiz is an Educational Consultant and the Educational Director of Link Educational Institute, a tutoring business based in Claremont, California that provides customizable educational plans, subject and test prep tutoring, and college application consulting. With over a decade and a half of experience in the education industry, Alexander coaches students to increase their self-awareness and emotional intelligence while achieving skills and the goal of achieving skills and higher education. He holds a BA in Psychology from Florida International University and an MA in Education from Georgia Southern University. This article has been viewed 267,693 times.

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To memorize your notes for a test, condense them into simple phrases that represent wider concepts. For example, if you have the note about The Tell-Tale Heart being about a man whose guilt overcomes him, you could condense it to "Tell-Tale Heart, guilt." This will be much easier to remember, while at the same time giving you all the key information you need. You can also color-code your notes to help you remember the different sections and ideas. For example, for a science test, use blue for important vocabulary, red for formulas, and green for things your teacher said to pay attention to. Try creating flashcards too by writing important phrases on 1 side and the definition on the other. You can even say this out loud, which will help engage different parts of your brain. Make sure you give yourself at least a few days to study for your test, since this will be much more effective than doing 1 long session the night before. For more tips, including how to create the best studying environment, read on!

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