Piano Guidance
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Is Lofi Girl copyrighted?

Earlier this month, YouTube removed Lofi Girl after receiving what turned out to be a bogus copyright report. YouTube later acknowledged the takedown claim was “abusive” and reinstated the channel.

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For example, the dominant seventh chord in C major (or minor) is G-B-D-F.

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Lofi Girl streams the chillest beats, but some very unchill YouTube drama exposed an ongoing copyright issue on the platform. Lofi Girl is a 24/7 music stream specializing in lo-fi hip-hop beats. The channel and its eponymous character — a girl studying with her cat — has grown to 10.9m subscribers.

Then, she disappeared.

Earlier this month, YouTube removed Lofi Girl after receiving what turned out to be a bogus copyright report. YouTube later acknowledged the takedown claim was “abusive” and reinstated the channel.

But what’s an ‘abusive’ claim?

YouTube has three ways to deal with copyright infringement:

Content ID , an automated system that supports big businesses with exclusive rights to media (e.g., music labels, movie studios) , an automated system that supports big businesses with exclusive rights to media (e.g., music labels, movie studios) Copyright Match Tool , which creators can use to automatically identify potential matches of their videos , which creators can use to automatically identify potential matches of their videos A public web form, which anyone can use to submit a claim Per YouTube, YouTube’s Content ID system was responsible for over 99% of all copyright actions taken in the first half of 2021, less than 1% of which were disputed. But some bad actors use the public web form to file bogus copyright claims to extort or harass artists. YouTube says the potential for web form abuse is a whopping 30x higher than its other tools. For artists who lack Lofi Girl’s huge following, disputing a bunch of bogus claims can really suck.

What can be done?

James Grimmelmann, a law professor at Cornell University, told NPR that Congress would likely have to change copyright laws, as current ones incentivize removing content versus carefully vetting each claim. For now, YouTube encourages uploaders who feel they’ve been wrongfully dinged to file a dispute.

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Do people with high IQ learn fast?

Supposedly, people of higher levels of intelligence do learn faster than people of lower levels of it. But this is an awfully coarse observation, and different people can learn at drastically different speeds in different environments.

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A few quick points:

There is a massive empirical literature that shows that fairly strong correlations are obtained between IQ and important real world outcomes, perhaps most notably educational and job performance, often in the r = .5 range (see here for a summary). Correlations with learning are complicated by what we mean by learning. In particular, if we define learning as the improvement in performance between two time points, then we have what is sometimes called a difference score or gain score. While this is an intuitive way to think about learning, gain scores often have slightly counter-intuitive properties. For example, on some tasks, gain may be negatively correlated with initial performance levels. This makes sense when you think that those who perform poorly initially often have more to learn. However, initial performance typically correlates well with final performance after a period of learning. As such, correlations of gain scores with ability can be a little strange also. You might want to read some of Philip Ackerman's work on ability-performance correlations over practice.

There's some further discussion of the change score issue in learning here:

Ackerman, P. L. (1987). Individual differences in skill learning: An integration of psychometric and information processing perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 102:3-27.

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