Photo: Harvey Sapir

Can ivory be appraised?

As an appraiser, you will likely handle ivory items that qualify as ESA/Antique. This means that the item is over 100 years old, has not been repaired with newer animal or plant material since 1973, and entered the United States before 1982 or through a designated port with proper paperwork.

worthwhile-magazine.com - A Brief Guide to Handling Ivory Material in Client Collections

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Today, government regulations have left ivory with a diminishing market, and in some cases, no market for the purpose of determining fair market value. But, there are instances where ivory can still be sold. Ivory has been used from ancient cultures to the present day, resulting in a lot of fine and decorative works of art made or inclusive of ivory in collections. As an appraiser, you need to know how to advise your client about appraisals and the possibility of sale for their items containing or made of ivory. When approached with a question about ivory, there are a few questions you should ask.

Is it ivory or bone?

Ivory is usually indicated by a lack of bone marrow. Ivory, or tusk, is technically tooth material meaning it lacks the channels to carry marrow. Bone has small cavities for the transmission of blood and nerves. In contrast, Elephant ivory is identifiable by Schreger Lines: a series of patterned lines reflecting the increasing size of the tusk. Elephant ivory is different from marine ivory and different from other types of ivory. But, as it is the subject of most regulation, it is the primary example I will use here. If you really can’t tell exactly what the piece is made of, reach out to an expert. Many appraisers can tell the difference with a quick inspection, particularly in fields with a history of ivory workmanship, such as in Asian Works of Art. The regulations on bone, particularly worked or carved bone, are generally much less strict than for ivory. DNA testing is generally required to determine the type of animal bone, but the likelihood that it belongs to an endangered species is rare. For this reason, it is difficult to regulate the sale of bone, and most objects made of or incorporating bone that have artistic merit or historic interest, will be able to be offered for sale in most states. For bone or other materials taken from an endangered species – elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, etc. – the likelihood that a market exists, one that is not illegal or underground, is very low. If you determine the piece to be ivory, the next question to ask is…

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What year is ivory illegal?

A worldwide ban on ivory sales in 1989 led to a rebound in the population, to about a million.

nationalgeographic.org - The History of the Ivory Trade | National Geographic Society

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