Photo: Brett Sayles

Are there more white keys or black keys on a piano?

A standard piano has 88 keys: 52 white and 36 black.

classicfm.com - A standard piano has 88 keys. But why? - Classic FM

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A standard piano has 88 keys. But why?

By Maddy Shaw Roberts

A standard piano has 88 keys: 52 white and 36 black. But who decided this number would be the norm, and why?

Before the piano was invented, composers wrote a lot of music for the harpsichord, which has just 60 keys. This meant that everything they wrote was limited to the harpsichord’s five-octave range.

Then, the first piano was invented.

Around the year 1700, Bartolomeo Cristofori, a musical instrument technician from Padua, Italy, decided it was time to update the harpsichord – and he came up with a new keyboard instrument with a hammer mechanism. Cristofori was hired by the Florentine court of Grand Prince Ferdinando de’ Medici in 1688 to look after their harpsichords and, eventually, other instruments. A 1700 inventory of Medici instruments mentions an ‘arpicimbalo’ (lit. an instrument resembling a harpsichord) invented by Cristofori. The instrument had a brand-new hammer and damper mechanism, two keyboards and a range of four octaves (49 keys). Poet and journalist Scipione Maffei described it in 1711 as a ‘gravicembalo col piano, e forte’ (harpsichord with quiet and loud). It was here that the ‘pianoforte’ found its name.

Composers wanted to expand the range of their music

After word got out of Cristofori’s miraculous musical invention, composers started writing more and more music for the piano. But the instrument’s four-octave range was limiting. So, piano manufacturers designed new pianos with more keys, so that composers like Haydn and Mozart could write more challenging material for a fuller keyboard. By the time Romantic composers like Chopin and Liszt were writing music in the mid-1800s, pianos had up to seven octaves, allowing them to compose pieces with an even more ambitious range like the bafflingly virtuosic ‘La Campanella’.

Steinway created the 88-key piano

In the late 1880s, piano manufacturer Steinway created the 88-key piano. Other manufacturers followed suit, and Steinway’s model has been the standard ever since. An 88-key piano has seven octaves plus three lower notes (B, B flat and A) below the bottom C. It has 52 white keys and 36 black keys (sharps and flats), with each octave made up of seven white keys and five black keys.

Why did piano manufacturers stop at 88 keys?

Today’s composers usually write piano music that fits within the range of an 88-key model. Most piano makers also accept this as the limit, because anything outside is considered too high or low for the human ear. But there are a few exceptions. Stuart and Sons set a world record in 2018 when they created a nine-octave piano, with 108 keys. Bösendorfer sells 97-key pianos, whose nine extra keys are coloured black so the pianist can distinguish them from the standard 88. The keys are rarely used, but the extra bass strings add harmonic resonance that contributes to the rich, overall sound of the instrument. Here’s an idea of how they look on the rather grand Bösendorfer semi-concert grand piano, which has an extra four keys:

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What key is the word in Beatles?

Musically, the song is founded on a driving funk beat, with few chord changes and a simple melody in the key of D major.

en.wikipedia.org - The Word (song) - Wikipedia

1965 song by the Beatles

"The Word" is a song by English rock band the Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and recorded with Lennon on lead vocals. It was first released on their 1965 album Rubber Soul.

Composition [ edit ]

The song was co-written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. According to Lennon, it was written together but it was "mainly mine".[3]

Music [ edit ]

Musically, the song is founded on a driving funk beat, with few chord changes and a simple melody in the key of D major. (The refrain is a 12 bar blues in D. The main chord is D7(♯9), also used in "Drive My Car" and "Taxman".) Paul McCartney said of this song, "John and I would like to do songs with just one note like 'Long Tall Sally'. We get near it in 'The Word'".

Reception [ edit ]

In his review for the 50th anniversary of Rubber Soul, Jacob Albano of Classic Rock Review writes that "The Word" is the first song on its parent album not to be "absolutely excellent," calling the harmonies "a bit too forced."[7] However, Albano still considered the song "entertaining", and complimented the "piano backdrop" and Starr's drum performance.[7] In 2018, the music staff of Time Out London ranked "The Word" at number 33 on their list of the best Beatles songs.[8]

Personnel [ edit ]

According to Walter Everett, except where noted:

The Beatles

Notes [ edit ]

^ Rubber Soul, Lennon's lead vocal is double-tracked during the song's On the US stereo release of, Lennon's lead vocal is double-tracked during the song's bridge

References [ edit ]

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